Ablation systems, probes, and methods for reducing radiation from an ablation probe into the environment

ABSTRACT

The ablation systems, ablation probes, and corresponding methods according to the present disclosure reduce or eliminate energy radiating from an ablation probe into the environment. Some ablation probes include a retractable sheath that shields at least the radiating portion of the ablation probe. The retractable sheath and/or the ablation probe may include conduits through which a fluid may flow to shield the radiating portion and to drive the retractable sheath to an extended state. Other ablation probes include apertures defined in the probe walls through which the fluid can flow to expand a balloon surrounding the radiating portion. Yet other ablation probes include a thermal indicator to indicate the temperature of the ablation probe to a user. The ablation systems include fluid circuits and associated mechanical controls for varying the contents and/or flow rate of the fluid provided to the radiating portion of the ablation probe.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/376,928, filed on Dec. 13, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,848,951, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/010,902, filed on Jan. 29, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,522,042, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/811,192, filed on Jul. 28, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,247,994, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/343,798 filed on Jan. 5, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,113,930, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure generally relates to ablation systems. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to ablation systems, probes, and methods for reducing or eliminating energy radiating from an ablation probe into a surgical environment.

2. Background of Related Art

In the treatment of diseases such as cancer, certain types of cancer cells have been found to denature at elevated temperatures (which are slightly lower than temperatures normally injurious to healthy cells.) These types of treatments, known generally as hyperthermia therapy, typically utilize electromagnetic radiation to heat diseased cells to temperatures above 41° C., while maintaining adjacent healthy cells at lower temperatures where irreversible cell destruction will not occur. Other procedures using electromagnetic radiation to heat tissue include ablation and coagulation. These procedures are typically done to denature or kill the targeted tissue.

Many medical procedures and devices that use electromagnetic radiation are known in the art. Some of these procedures and devices are used to treat tissue and organs, such as the prostate, heart, liver, lung, kidney, and breast. These medical procedures and devices can be broken down into two general categories: non-invasive and invasive.

Some non-invasive procedures involve treating tissue (e.g., a tumor) underlying the skin with microwave energy. The microwave energy non-invasively penetrates the skin to reach the underlying tissue. However, this non-invasive procedure may result in unwanted heating of healthy tissue. Thus, non-invasive procedures that use microwave energy require precise temperature control.

Some invasive procedures have been developed in which a microwave antenna probe is either inserted directly into a point of treatment via a normal body orifice or inserted percutaneously. These invasive procedures can provide better temperature control of the tissue being treated. Because of the small difference between the temperature required for denaturing malignant cells and the temperature injurious to healthy cells, a known heating pattern and predictable temperature control is important so that heating is confined to the tissue being treated. For instance, hyperthermia treatment at the threshold temperature of about 41.5° C. generally has little effect on most malignant growth of cells. However, at slightly elevated temperatures above the approximate range of 43° C. to 45° C., thermal damage to most types of normal cells is routinely observed. Accordingly, great care must be taken not to exceed these temperatures in healthy tissue.

To prevent damage to healthy tissue, the non-radiating portion of the ablation probe is cooled with a cooling solution having dielectric properties that are matched to the dielectric properties of the target tissue. When the ablation probe is removed from tissue, however, the probe still has the ability to efficiently radiate microwave energy because of the dielectric buffering provided by the cooling solution. Therefore, if the generator is still powering the probe after it is removed from tissue, individuals near the probe may be unnecessarily exposed to microwave energy.

SUMMARY

The systems and methods according to the present disclosure reduce or eliminate radiation from an ablation probe into the environment and require few or no changes to the generator. Thus, the ablation probes according to the present disclosure can be used with existing generators.

In one aspect, the present disclosure features an ablation system. The ablation system includes a probe having a proximal portion and a distal portion. The distal portion has a radiating portion configured to deliver energy to tissue. The ablation system also includes a fluid circuit module. The fluid circuit module includes a common fluid conduit, a first fluid supply conduit, and a second fluid supply conduit. The common fluid conduit is configured to supply fluid to at least a portion of the radiating portion. The first fluid supply conduit carries a first fluid to the common fluid conduit. The first fluid facilitates the transmission of energy from the radiating portion to tissue. The second fluid supply conduit supplies a second fluid to the common fluid conduit. The second fluid prevents transmission of at least a portion of the energy to tissue or a surrounding environment.

In some embodiments, the fluid circuit module further includes a fluid return conduit configured to carry the first fluid, a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid, or the second fluid away from the radiating portion. In some embodiments, the first fluid supply conduit includes a first recessed portion and the second fluid supply conduit includes a second recessed portion and the ablation system further includes a fluid pump, an impeller, and a manual control.

The fluid pump fits within the second recessed portion and moves from a first position within the second recessed portion to a second position outside of the second recessed portion. The fluid pump pumps the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit when the fluid pump is positioned outside of the second recessed portion. The impeller is operatively coupled to the fluid pump to drive the fluid pump. The impeller fits within the first recessed portion and is moveable from a first position within the first recessed portion to a second position outside of the first recessed portion. The impeller is driven by the first fluid flowing through the first fluid supply conduit when the impeller is positioned outside of the first recessed portion. The manual control is operatively coupled to the impeller and the fluid pump. The manual control moves the impeller and the fluid pump between respective first positions and respective second positions.

In other embodiments, the fluid circuit module further includes a fluid return conduit fluidly coupled to the common fluid conduit, a bypass fluid conduit fluidly coupled between the first fluid supply conduit and the fluid return conduit, a fluid pump disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, an impeller disposed within the bypass fluid conduit and operatively coupled to the fluid pump to drive the fluid pump, and a bypass valve assembly fluidly coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the bypass fluid conduit. In this configuration, the fluid pump pumps the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit, the impeller is driven by the first fluid flowing through the bypass fluid conduit, and the bypass valve assembly diverts the first fluid flowing in the first fluid supply conduit to the bypass fluid conduit when actuated.

In some embodiments, the second fluid is a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy. In other embodiments, the second fluid is either air or a gas containing nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the ablation system further includes a check valve disposed within the second fluid supply conduit. This check valve prevents the first fluid from flowing into the second fluid supply conduit. In some embodiments, the ablation system includes a check valve disposed within the fluid return conduit. This check valve prevents fluid from flowing distally.

In yet other embodiments, the probe of the ablation system includes a hollow elongated shaft having a plurality of apertures formed in a distal portion of the shaft, a balloon attached to an outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft to enclose the plurality of apertures, a tip enclosing a distal end of the hollow elongated shaft, and an electrical conductor disposed within the hollow elongated shaft. The balloon expands when the first fluid, the second fluid, or a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid flows through the plurality of apertures to form a fluid chamber between the balloon and the outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft. The electrical conductor includes a radiating portion at the distal end of the electrical conductor. The radiating portion is aligned with the balloon. Also, an outer surface of the electrical conductor and an inner surface of the hollow elongated shaft form a fluid conduit in fluid communication with the plurality of apertures.

In some embodiments, the probe further includes a retractable sheath surrounding at least the radiating portion. The retractable sheath prevents at least a portion of the energy from radiating outside of the retractable sheath and retracts as the hollow elongated shaft is inserted into tissue.

In another aspect, the present disclosure features a method of operating an ablation probe. The method includes supplying a first fluid to a radiating portion of the ablation probe when the radiating portion is inserted in tissue, and supplying a second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe when the radiating portion is removed from tissue to shield the radiating portion of the ablation probe from the surrounding surgical environment.

In some embodiments, supplying the second fluid occurs while supplying the first fluid to the radiating portion. Supplying the second fluid may include pumping the second fluid using a flow of the first fluid. The method may further include terminating the step of supplying a first fluid to the radiating portion at the onset of the step of supplying the second fluid.

In some embodiments, supplying the first fluid may include moving a fluid valve assembly from a first position to a second position. Also, supplying the second fluid may include moving the fluid valve assembly from the second position to the first position.

In yet another aspect, the present disclosure features an ablation probe. The ablation probe includes a hollow elongated shaft having a plurality of apertures formed in a distal portion of the hollow elongated shaft, a balloon attached to an outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft to enclose the plurality of apertures, a tip enclosing a distal end of the hollow elongated shaft, and an electrical conductor disposed within the hollow elongated shaft. The balloon expands when pressurized fluid flows through the plurality of apertures to form a fluid chamber between the balloon and the outer surface of the hollow elongated shaft. The conductor includes a radiating portion at the distal end of the electrical conductor in alignment with the balloon. An outer surface of the electrical conductor and an inner surface of the hollow elongated shaft form a fluid conduit fluidly coupled to the plurality of apertures.

In the present disclosure, the term “proximal” refers to the portion of a structure that is closer to a user, while the term “distal” refers to the portion of the structure that is farther from the user.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a microwave ablation system according to embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2A is an perspective view of a distal portion of an ablation probe according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2B is a longitudinal, cross-sectional view of a feed line portion of the ablation probe of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a transverse, cross-sectional view of the feed line portion of the ablation probe of FIG. 2A taken along the line 2C-2C of FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2D is an internal perspective view of the distal portion of the ablation probe of FIG. 2A illustrating the coaxial inflow and outflow channels.

FIG. 3 is a schematic, cross-sectional side view of an ablation probe having a retractable sheath according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a schematic, cross-sectional side view of the ablation probe of FIG. 3 in which the retractable sheath is in a retracted state;

FIG. 5A is a schematic, perspective view of a retractable sheath according to other embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5B is a schematic, perspective view of the retractable sheath of FIG. 5A in a retracted state;

FIG. 6 is a schematic, cross-sectional side view of an ablation probe incorporating an expandable balloon according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7A is a schematic, perspective view of an ablation probe having a passive thermal sensor according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7B is a schematic, cross-sectional side view of the passive thermal sensor disposed on the ablation probe of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 8A is a diagram of an ablation probe incorporating a fluid circuit for feeding shielding fluid to the ablation probe;

FIGS. 8B and 8C are schematic diagrams of a fluid circuit for adjusting the properties of the shielding fluid fed to the ablation probe according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams of a fluid circuit for adjusting the properties of the fluid fed to the ablation probe according to other embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Particular embodiments of the present disclosure are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Generally, the present disclosure relates to systems and corresponding methods for reducing or eliminating energy that radiates from ablation probes into the environment. These systems and corresponding methods require few or no changes to the electrosurgical generator that supplies power to the ablation probe. The systems include various shielding mechanisms for shielding individuals from unnecessary energy radiating from the ablation probe when it is removed from tissue.

The ablation systems according to the present disclosure include a retractable sheath or shield that shields at least the radiating portion of the ablation probe to reduce or eliminate the radiation of energy (e.g., microwave energy) into the environment. The retractable sheath may include conduits through which a shielding fluid flows to shield the radiating portion of the ablation probe. The shielding fluid may also be used to drive the retractable sheath from a retracted state to an extended state. In some embodiments, the ablation probe includes apertures formed in the walls of the ablation probe near the radiating portion and a balloon surrounding the ablation probe to cover the apertures. In these embodiments, the shielding fluid flows through the apertures into the balloon to expand the balloon surrounding the radiating portion.

The ablation systems also include fluid circuits having mechanical controls that vary the contents and/or flow rate of the shielding fluid that cools the radiating portion. For example, when the user operates (e.g., applies force to) the mechanical controls (e.g., the user uses his/her finger to depress a button), the cooling solution flows to the radiating portion. When the user again operates (e.g., removes force from) the mechanical controls (e.g., the user removes his/her finger from the button or depresses the button again), the shielding fluid or a mixture of the cooling solution and the shielding fluid is supplied to the radiating portion. The cooling solution may include cooled water or a water-based solution. The shielding fluid may also include a mixture of water and small particles of dielectric material.

An ablation system according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes an ablation probe 12 having an antenna and/or an electrode that delivers energy to tissue. FIG. 1 illustrates an ablation system 10 including the ablation probe 12, a microwave generator 14, and a cooling fluid supply 33. The ablation probe 12 is coupled to the microwave generator 14 via a flexible coaxial cable 16. The ablation probe 12 is also fluidly coupled to the cooling fluid supply 33 via a fluid supply line or conduit 86 and a fluid return line or conduit 88. Cooling fluid leaves the ablation probe 12 through the fluid return line 88.

In a closed-loop cooling fluid system, the ablation probe 12 is fluidly coupled to the cooling fluid supply 33 via fluid return line 88 and cooling fluid is cycled through the cooling fluid supply 33. In an open-loop cooling fluid system, the cooling fluid flows through the fluid return line 88 to a drain or other suitable disposable receptacle and new cooling fluid is supplied to the cooling fluid supply 33 from a cooling fluid reservoir 36 or other suitable source of cooling fluid.

The ablation probe 12 generally includes a connection hub 22 and a shaft 15. The distal portion of the shaft 15 includes a radiating portion 18 and the proximal portion of the shaft 15 includes a feed line 20. The connection hub 22 connects the microwave generator 14 and the cooling fluid supply 33 to the ablation probe 12. The microwave signal is produced by the microwave generator 14, transmitted through the flexible coaxial cable 16, which connects to the connection hub 22, and the connection hub 22 facilitates the transfer of the microwave signal to the feed line 20. The connection hub 22 further facilitates the transfer of cooling fluid to and from the feed line 20. Cooling fluid, provided from the fluid pump 34 of the cooling fluid supply 33, is provided to the connection hub 22 through the fluid supply line 86. The connection hub 22 transfers the cooling fluid from the fluid supply line 86 to the cooling fluid supply lumen (not explicitly shown) of the feed line 20.

The cooling fluid, after being circulated through the feed line 20 and radiating portion 18 of the ablation probe 12, is returned to the connection hub 22 through the return lumen (not explicitly shown) of the feed line 20. Connection hub 22 facilitates the transfer of the cooling fluid from the return lumen (not explicitly shown) to the fluid return line 88.

In one embodiment, the microwave ablation system 10 includes a closed-loop cooling system wherein the fluid return line 88 returns the cooling fluid to the fluid pump 34 of the cooling fluid supply 33. The cooling fluid supply 33 cools the returned cooling fluid from the fluid return line 88 before recirculating at least a portion of the returned cooling fluid through the microwave ablation system 10.

In another embodiment, the fluid return line 88 connects to a suitable drain and/or reservoir (e.g., cooling fluid from the ablation probe 12 is not returned to the cooling fluid supply 33). Cooling fluid reservoir 36 of the cooling fluid supply 33 provides a continuous supply of cooling fluid to the fluid pump 34. Cooling fluid reservoir 36 may also include a temperature control system (not shown) configured to maintain the cooling fluid at a predetermined temperature. Coolant fluid may include any suitable liquid or gas, including air, or any combination of liquid and gas.

The ablation probe 12 may include any suitable microwave antenna 40 such as, for example, a dipole antenna, a monopole antenna and/or a helical antenna. The microwave generator 14 may be configured to provide any suitable electrical energy within an operational frequency from about 300 MHz to about 10 GHz. The physical length of the microwave antenna 40 is dependent on the frequency of the microwave energy signal generated by the microwave generator 14. For example, in one embodiment, a microwave generator 14 providing a microwave energy signal at about 915 MHz drives an ablation probe 12 that includes a microwave antenna 40 with a physical length of about 1.6 cm to about 4.0 cm.

FIG. 2A is an enlarged view of the distal portion of the ablation probe 12 of FIG. 1 and includes a feed line 20, a proximal radiating portion 42 and a distal radiating portion 44. The proximal radiating portion 42 and the distal radiating portion 44 form a dipole antenna 40. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the proximal radiating portion 42 and the distal radiating portion 44 are unequal thereby forming an unbalanced dipole antenna 40. The ablation probe 12 includes a sharp tip 48 having a tapered end 24 that terminates, in one embodiment, at a pointed tip 26 to allow for insertion into tissue with minimal resistance at a distal end of the radiating portion 18. In another embodiment, the radiating portion 18 is inserted into a pre-existing opening or catheter and the tip may be rounded or flat.

The sharp tip 48 may be machined from various stock rods to obtain a desired shape. The sharp tip 48 may be attached to the distal radiating portion 44 using various adhesives or bonding agents, such as an epoxy sealant. If the sharp tip 48 is metal, the sharp tip 48 may be soldered to the distal radiating portion 44 and may radiate electrosurgical energy. In another embodiment, the sharp tip 48 and a distal radiating portion 44 may be machined as one piece. The sharp tip 48 may be formed from a variety of heat-resistant materials suitable for penetrating tissue, such as ceramic, metals (e.g., stainless steel) and various thermoplastic materials, such as polyetherimide or polyimide thermoplastic resins, an example of which is Ultem® sold by General Electric Co. of Fairfield, Conn.

FIG. 2B is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a section of the feed line 20 of the ablation probe 12 of FIG. 1, and FIG. 2C is a transverse, cross-sectional view of the feed line 20 of the ablation probe 12 of FIG. 2B. Feed line 20 is coaxially formed with an inner conductor 50 at the radial center surrounded by a dielectric layer 52 and an outer conductor 56.

The inflow hypotube 55 is spaced apart and disposed radially outward from the outer conductor 56. The outer surface of the outer conductor 56 b and the inner surface of the inflow hypotube 55 a form an inflow channel 17 i allowing cooling fluid to flow distally through the feed line 20 of the ablation probe 12 as indicated by the arrows within the inflow channel 17 i. The inflow hypotube 55 may be formed from a variety of heat-resistant materials, such as ceramic, metals (e.g., stainless steel), various thermoplastic materials, such as polyetherimide or polyimide thermoplastic resins (e.g., Ultem®), or composite medical tubing, an example of which is PolyMed® sold by Polygon of Walkerton, Ind. In one embodiment, the inflow hypotube 55 may have a wall thickness less than about 0.010 inches. In another embodiment, the inflow hypotube 55 may have a wall thickness less than about 0.001 inches.

The outer hypotube 57 is spaced apart from, and radially outward from, the inflow hypotube 55. The outer surface of the inflow hypotube 55 b and the inner surface of the outer hypotube 57 a form an outflow channel 17 o that allows cooling fluid to flow proximately through the feed line 20 of the ablation probe 12 as indicated by the arrows within the outflow channel 17 o. The outer hypotube 57 may be formed from a variety of heat-resistant materials, such as ceramic, metals (e.g., stainless steel), various thermoplastic materials, such as polyetherimide, polyimide thermoplastic resins (e.g., Ultem®), or composite medical tubing (e.g., PolyMed®). In one embodiment, the outer hypotube 57 may have a wall thickness less than about 0.010 inches. In another embodiment, the outer hypotube 57 may have a wall thickness less than about 0.001 inches.

The substantially radially concentric cross-sectional profile of the feed line, as illustrated in FIG. 2C, provides uniform flow of fluid in both the inflow channel 17 i and the outflow channel 17 o. For example, an inflow channel gap G1 defined between the outer surface of the outer conductor 56 b and the inner surface of the inflow hypotube 55 a is substantially uniform around the circumference of the outer conductor 56. Similarly, an outflow channel gap G2 defined between the outer surface of the inflow hypotube 55 b and the inner surface of the outer hypotube 57 is substantially uniform around the circumference of the inflow hypotube 55.

In addition, the cross-sectional area of the inflow channel 17 i and the outflow channel 17 o (i.e., the effective area of each channel in which fluid flows) is the difference between the area at the outer surface of the inflow channel 17 i and the outflow channel 17 o (i.e., the area at the inner diameter of the inflow hypotube 55 and the area at the inner diameter of the outer hypotube 57, respectively) and the area at the inner surface of the inflow channel 17 i and the outflow channel 17 o (i.e., the area at the outer diameter of the outer conductor 56 and the area at the outer diameter of the inflow hypotube 55). The cross-sectional area of the inflow channel 17 i and the outflow channel 17 o is substantially uniform along the longitudinal length of the feed line 20. In addition, transverse shifting of the inflow hypotube 55 within the outer hypotube 57 or transverse shifting of the outer conductor 56 within the inflow hypotube 55, may create a non-uniform inflow or outflow channel gap G1, G2, but will not affect the cross-sectional area of either the inflow channel 17 i and/or the outflow channel 17 o.

FIG. 2D, which is a perspective view of the radiating portion 18 of FIG. 1, illustrates the inflow fluid flow pathways. The radiating portion 18 is formed by inserting the distal portion of the feed line 20 into the microwave antenna 40.

The feed line 20 is configured to provide cooling fluid and a microwave energy signal to the microwave antenna 40. As discussed hereinabove, the feed line 20 provides cooling fluid through the inflow channel 17 i formed between the inflow hypotube 55 and the outer conductor 56 of the feed line 20. The feed line 20 also provides a microwave energy signal between the inner conductor 50 and the outer conductor 56.

The antenna 40 includes a tapered inflow transition collar 53, a channeled puck 46, a distal radiating portion 44, including a plurality of antenna sleeve stops 68 a-68 d, and a sharp tip 48. The feed line 20, when inserted into the antenna 40, connects the outer conductor 56 to the tapered inflow transition collar 53 and the inner conductor 50 to the distal radiating portion 44.

When the radiating portion 18 is removed from tissue after energy, e.g., microwave energy, is applied to a tissue volume, a shield is placed between the radiating portion 18 and the patient and clinician. As shown in FIG. 3, the shield may include a retractable sheath 302 that surrounds the entire length of the shaft 15 in a fully-extended state. The retractable sheath includes a retractable sheath 302 and a tip cover 304. In some embodiments, the retractable sheath 302 is a compressible plastic cylinder. The tip cover 304 covers the pointed tip 26 to prevent injury. The tip cover 304 may be made of a semi-rigid or rigid material (e.g., a semi-rigid or rigid plastic). The retractable sheath 302 attaches to the handle 320.

In some embodiments, the retractable sheath 302 and/or the tip cover 304 are made of a compressible, electrically conductive material formed in the shape of a cylinder. The compressible, electrically conductive material may be a metal, such as copper. In other embodiments, the retractable sheath 302 and/or the tip cover 304 are coated on their inner and/or outer surfaces with a compressible, electrically conductive material. The retractable sheath 302 and/or the tip cover 304 may be electrically coupled to electrical ground 315 to form an electromagnetic enclosure, which contains the electromagnetic fields generated by the radiating portion 18 to prevent radiation into the environment.

Because the retractable sheath 302 is compressible, the tip cover 304 is movable along a longitudinal axis 314 of the shaft 15. As shown in FIG. 4, when the shaft 15 is inserted in tissue 402, the bottom surface 310 of the tip cover 304 mates with the outside surface 404 of a target volume of the tissue 402, which pushes the tip cover 304 towards the handle 320 and compresses the retractable sheath 302. When the shaft 15 is removed from tissue 402, the tip cover 304 and the retractable sheath 302 decompress and extend to cover the entire length of the shaft 15.

FIG. 5A shows a retractable sheath 500 having fluid conduits 514, 516. A cooling fluid 524, 526 having appropriate dielectric properties flows through the fluid conduits 514, 516 to form a fluid shield around the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15. The fluid conduits 514, 516 are formed between the inner surface of the outer wall 510 and the outer surface of the inner wall 512. Multiple conduits may be formed in the retractable sheath 500 by forming conduit walls 513, 515 that extend between the inner surface of the outer wall 510 and the outer surface of the inner wall 512. The conduit wall 513 forms a first fluid conduit 514 and the conduit wall 515 forms a second fluid conduit 516. In other embodiments, more than two conduit walls may be formed in the retractable sheath 500 to provide more than two fluid conduits.

The conduit walls 513, 515 shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B have a linear shape along the length of the retractable sheath 500. In other embodiments, however, the conduit walls 513, 515 may have a non-linear shape, such as a curved shape.

As shown in FIG. 5A, the fluid conduit 514 may carry a cooling fluid 524 to the distal end 521 of the retractable sheath 500 and the fluid conduit 516 may carry the cooling fluid 524 to the proximal end of the retractable sheath 500. The retractable sheath 500 may include a tip cover (not shown) at the distal end 521 of the retractable sheath 500 that directs the cooling fluid 524 flowing in the fluid conduit 514 to the fluid conduit 516. In this manner, the cooling fluid 524 may be circulated through the retractable sheath 500.

As illustrated in FIG. 5B, when the shaft 15 is placed within tissue, the retractable sheath 500 compresses to a retracted state. When the shaft 15 is removed from the tissue, the fluid pump 34 supplies a cooling fluid 524 to the retractable sheath 500 under a working pressure sufficient to extend the retractable sheath 500 to the extended state shown in FIG. 5A.

In some embodiments, the metal-coated retractable sheath of FIGS. 3 and 4 is combined with the retractable sheath 500 of FIGS. 5A and 5B. For example, the retractable sheath 500 may be coated with a metal or any other electrically conductive material.

FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional side view of an ablation probe 600, e.g., a microwave ablation probe, having an expandable balloon 610. The shaft 615 is a hollow elongated shaft or introducer having a wall 616 that encloses an electrical conductor having an antenna 618, e.g., a microwave antenna, and a coaxial cable 620. The coaxial cable 620 is electrically coupled to the antenna 618 and supplies energy, e.g., microwave energy, to the antenna 618. The space between the inner surface of the wall 616 and the outer surfaces of the antenna 618 and the coaxial cable 620 forms a fluid conduit 622 through which cooling fluid flows to cool the antenna 618.

The ablation probe 600 also includes multiple apertures 604 formed in the wall 616 of the shaft 615. The apertures 604 are formed around the shaft 15 along the length of the antenna 618. Alternatively, the apertures 604 are formed around the shaft 15 along a portion of the length of the antenna 618 or near the antenna 618. The expandable balloon 610 is disposed on the outer surface of the wall 616 and is configured to cover the apertures 604.

When the ablation probe 600 is placed in tissue and is transferring energy to the tissue, the balloon 610 maintains a normal state 626 in contact with or in close proximity to the outer surface of the wall 616. When the ablation probe 600 is removed from the tissue, the fluid conduit 622 carries a shielding fluid 624, which may be a pressurized fluid, to the apertures 604. The shielding fluid 624 flows through the apertures 604 and expands the balloon 610 to an expanded state 628. In the expanded state 628, the balloon 610 defines and holds a volume 630 of shielding fluid 624 around the antenna 618. The volume 630 of shielding fluid 624 absorbs and attenuates the energy radiating from the antenna 618 before the energy can radiate into the environment.

In some embodiments, the ablation probe 600 interfaces with the fluid pump 34 of FIG. 1 that is configured to supply a cooling fluid to the ablation probe 600 at a pressure level sufficient to maintain the balloon 610 in an expanded state 628 when the ablation probe 600 is outside of tissue. But, when the ablation probe 600 is inserted into tissue, the tissue compresses the balloon 610 against the outer surface of the shaft 615 to bring the balloon 610 back to its normal state 626. When the ablation probe 600 is removed from tissue, the pressure of the cooling fluid expands the balloon 610 to an expanded state 628 and forms a large volume of fluid around the antenna 618 to absorb most of the electromagnetic energy radiating from the antenna 618.

FIG. 7A is a perspective view of an ablation probe 700 having a temperature indicator 702 (e.g., a passive temperature indicator) disposed on the outer surface of the handle 306. The temperature indicator 702 may optionally be disposed on the outer surface of the shaft 15. The temperature indicator 702 is a device that displays the temperature of the handle 306 or the shaft 15. For example, the temperature indicator 702 may include a material that varies in color or brightness as the temperature of the handle 306 or the shaft 15 varies. In particular, the brightness of the material may increase as the temperature of the handle 306 or the shaft 15 increases.

FIG. 7B illustrates an embodiment of the temperature indicator 702. The temperature indicator 702 includes a layer of thermal gel 710, e.g., a gel pad, disposed on the surface of the handle 308 and thermal paper 712 disposed on the layer of thermal gel 710. The layer of thermal gel 710 may attach to the handle 308 (or the shaft 15) through a thermally conductive adhesive.

As described above, the thermal paper 712 may change color to indicate a change in temperature of the handle 308 or shaft 15 to which the temperature indicator 702 is attached. Thus, when the ablation probe 700 is removed from tissue, any energy radiating from the antenna 618 heats the shaft 15 and the handle 308 through thermal conduction. The heat in the handle 308 then transfers through the layer of thermal gel 710 to the thermal paper 712 and changes the color of the thermal paper 712. The changed color of the thermal paper 712 indicates to the clinician that the temperature of the handle 308 exceeds a predetermined level.

In some embodiments, the temperature indicator 702 is disposed on the handle 306 of an ablation probe that also includes the retractable sheath 302 of FIGS. 3 and 4. In other embodiments, the temperature indicator 702 is disposed on the retractable sheath 302 of FIGS. 3 and 4 in case the retractable sheath 302 absorbs heat from the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 and heats up.

In some embodiments, the ablation probe 12 is reconfigured to feed a shielding fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 in order to reduce or eliminate radiation from the shaft 15 into the environment. As illustrated in FIG. 8A, the ablation probe 12 includes a fluid circuit module 800 that is fluidly coupled to a shielding fluid source 801 via a second fluid supply conduit 811. As described in greater detail below, the fluid circuit module 800 receives shielding fluid from the shielding fluid source 801 and supplies it to the radiating portion of the shaft 15 when the shaft 15 is removed from tissue after an ablation procedure is completed.

The fluid circuit module 800 includes a button 804 that allows a user of the ablation probe 12 to control the supply of shielding fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15. For example, the fluid circuit module 800 may be configured (1) to supply the cooling fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 when the user depresses the button 804 and (2) to supply a mixture of the cooling fluid and the shielding fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 when the user releases the button 804. Alternatively, the fluid circuit module 800 may be configured (1) to supply the cooling fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 when the user depresses the button 804 a first time and (2) to supply a mixture of the cooling fluid and the shielding fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 when the user depresses the button 804 a second time.

FIGS. 8B and 8C are schematic diagrams of an embodiment of the fluid circuit module 800 of FIG. 8A. FIGS. 8B and 8C illustrate the operation of an embodiment of the fluid circuit module 800 that allows a user to select whether to supply a cooling fluid or a mixture of the cooling fluid and a shielding fluid to the radiating portion 18 of the shaft 15 of the ablation probe 12. As shown in FIG. 8A, the fluid circuit 800 includes the fluid supply conduit 86 (hereinafter referred to as the first fluid supply conduit 86) fluidly coupled between the fluid pump 34 of FIG. 1 and a common fluid supply conduit 810. The common fluid supply conduit 810, in turn, is in fluid communication with the shaft 15.

The fluid circuit 800 also includes a bypass fluid conduit 822 that is fluidly coupled to the first fluid supply conduit 86 through a bypass fluid chamber 805. The flow of fluid through the bypass fluid conduit 822 is controlled by a bypass valve assembly 808. The bypass valve assembly 808 includes a piston 806 that is movable in a vertical direction within the bypass fluid chamber 805. The bypass valve assembly 808 also includes a button 804 or other similar manual control mechanism coupled to the piston 806 that allows a user to move the piston 806 within the bypass fluid chamber 805.

In operation, when a user depresses the button 804 to move the piston 806 to the bottom of the bypass fluid chamber 805, a first fluid 840 supplied by the fluid pump 34 flows through the first fluid supply conduit 86, the bypass fluid chamber 805, and the common fluid supply conduit 810 to the shaft 15. The first fluid 840, however, does not enter the bypass fluid conduit 822 because the piston 806 covers the inlet of the bypass fluid conduit 822. The common fluid supply conduit 810 supplies the first fluid 840 to the shaft to facilitate the radiation of microwave energy from the radiating portion of the conductor disposed within the shaft 15. The fluid circuit 800 also includes a fluid return line 88 that carries the first fluid 840 returned from the shaft 15 to the fluid pump 34.

As shown in FIG. 8B, the fluid circuit 800 also includes the second fluid supply conduit 811, which supplies a second fluid 842 (e.g., a shielding fluid or a cooling fluid) to the common fluid conduit 810. The common fluid conduit 810 delivers the second fluid 842 to the shaft to minimize or prevent radiation of electromagnetic energy from the radiating portion of the shaft 15 to tissue or the surrounding environment. The second fluid 842 may be any fluid that absorbs the electromagnetic energy radiating from the antenna. For example, the second fluid 842 may be a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy radiating from the antenna.

To pump the second fluid 842 through the second fluid supply conduit 811, the fluid circuit 800 incorporates a second fluid pump assembly 825. The second fluid pump assembly 825 includes a fluid pump 830 and an impeller 828 coupled to the fluid pump 830. As shown in FIG. 8B, the fluid pump 830 is positioned within the second fluid supply conduit 811. The impeller 828 is operatively coupled to the fluid pump 830 through a shaft 829. The impeller 828 is positioned within the bypass fluid conduit 822 so that the first fluid 840 flowing through the bypass fluid conduit 822 causes the impeller to rotate and drive the fluid pump 830. In other embodiments, the second fluid pump assembly 825 may include different components that use the flow of the first fluid 840 flowing through the bypass fluid conduit 822 to cause the second fluid 842 to flow in the second fluid supply conduit 811.

The second fluid supply conduit 811 also includes a check valve 832 that allows the second fluid to flow in one direction from a second fluid source (not shown) to the common fluid conduit 810. The check valve also prevents any first fluid 840 flowing in the first fluid supply conduit 86 from entering the second fluid supply conduit 811. In some embodiments, the check valve 832 is a duck bill valve.

When the user desires to apply microwave energy to tissue, the user depresses the button 804 with his/her finger to cause the first fluid 840 to flow through the common fluid supply conduit 810 to the radiating portion of the shaft 15. As described above, the first fluid 840 increases the efficiency of the radiating portion of the microwave conductor disposed within the shaft 15. When the user desires to stop applying microwave energy to tissue, the user removes his/her finger from the button 804 or depresses the button 804 a second time to cause the second fluid 842 to flow through the common fluid supply conduit 810 to the shaft 15 to shield the radiating portion of the microwave conductor. For example, the bypass valve assembly 808 may be spring loaded so that the bypass valve assembly 808 returns to the up position 809 when the user removes pressure from the button 804.

In the up position 809, the piston 806 prevents the first fluid 840 from flowing to the common fluid supply conduit 810 and directs the first fluid 840 into the bypass fluid conduit 822. The first fluid 840 flows through the impeller 828 causing it to rotate and drive the fluid pump 830 through the shaft 829 of the fluid pump assembly 825. Then, the fluid pump 830 pumps the second fluid 842 from a second fluid source (not shown) through the check valve 832 to the common fluid supply conduit 810. The first fluid 840 flows out of the bypass fluid conduit 822 and into the fluid return conduit 820, which carries the first fluid 840 to the fluid pump 34. The second fluid 842 flows to the shaft 15 via the common fluid supply conduit 810 and then returns from the shaft 15 via the fluid return conduit 820. The second fluid 842 mixes with the first fluid 840 and returns to the fluid pump 34.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show another embodiment of a fluid circuit 900 that allows the user to select whether to supply a cooling fluid or a mixture of a cooling fluid and another fluid to the shaft 15. Similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 8B and 8C, the fluid circuit 900 includes a first fluid supply conduit 86 and a second fluid supply conduit 904 that feed into a common fluid supply conduit 920. Unlike the embodiment of FIGS. 8B and 8C, however, the first fluid supply conduit 86 includes a first recessed portion 910 and the second fluid supply conduit 811 includes a second recessed portion 914. The first recessed portion 910 is shaped and dimensioned to receive an impeller 908 and the second recessed portion 914 is shaped and dimensioned to receive a fluid pump 912. As in the embodiment FIGS. 8B and 8C, the impeller 908 and fluid pump 912 are operatively coupled to each other and form a portion of a fluid valve assembly 915.

The fluid valve assembly 915 also includes a button 906 or other control mechanism that is coupled to the impeller 908. The first fluid supply conduit 86 includes a first recessed portion 910 and the second fluid supply conduit 904 includes a second recessed portion 914. The fluid valve assembly 915 can move between an up position and a down position 913 within the first and second recessed portions 910, 914. The fluid valve assembly 915 is spring loaded with a spring 916 that is positioned between the bottom surface of the second recessed portion 914 and the bottom surface of the second fluid pump 912 to maintain the fluid valve assembly 915 in the up position 911. Other types and arrangements of springs could also be used to maintain the fluid valve assembly 915 in the up position 911.

As shown in FIG. 9A, if the button 906 is depressed, a first fluid 940 flows through the first fluid supply conduit 86 to the common fluid supply conduit 920, while no fluid flows through the second fluid supply conduit 904. This is because the impeller 908 is positioned in the first recessed portion 910 away from the flow of the first fluid 940 so that the first fluid 940 cannot cause the impeller 908 to rotate and drive the second fluid pump 912. Also, the second fluid pump 912 is positioned in the second recessed portion 914 so that the second fluid pump 912 cannot draw the second fluid 942 through the second fluid supply conduit 904.

As shown in FIG. 9B, when the button 905 is released, the impeller 908 moves into the flow of the first fluid 940 and the second fluid pump 912 moves into the flow path of the second fluid 942. The flow of the first fluid 940 causes the impeller 908 to rotate. The impeller 908, in turn, drives the second fluid pump 912. In operation, the second fluid pump 912 draws the second fluid 942 through the second fluid supply conduit 904 and into a mixing area 924 where the first fluid 940 flowing through the impeller 908 mixes with the second fluid 942 to form a third fluid 922. The fluid valve assembly 915 may include gears that control the speed of the second fluid pump 912 and thus the flow rate of the second fluid 942 to control the ratio of first fluid 940 to second fluid 942 in the third fluid 922. In this manner, the properties of the third fluid 922 may be adjusted to improve its ability to shield the radiating portion of the ablation probe from nearby tissue or the external environment.

In some embodiments, the first fluid 940 is a water-based buffer solution and the second fluid 942 is air or a similar gas, such as nitrogen, which agitates the water-based buffer solution when the button 905 is released. The air and buffer solution mixture may have different dielectric properties than the buffer solution alone. These different dielectric properties would hinder unnecessary energy transfer from the radiating portion of the shaft or probe into the environment.

The structures and methods described above for reducing or eliminating energy that radiates from ablation probes into the environment may be used in any combination to achieve varying levels of shielding. For example, an ablation system may incorporate the apertures 604 and the balloon 610 of FIG. 6, and the fluid circuit module 800 of FIGS. 8A-8C. In such an ablation system, the fluid circuit module 800 supplies shielding fluid to the balloon 610 through the apertures 604 when a user removes his/her finger from the button 804 at the completion of an ablation procedure. The shielding fluid is supplied to the balloon 610 at a pressure level sufficient to expand the balloon 610 when the ablation probe is removed from the tissue.

In another example, an ablation system may incorporate the retractable sheath 500 of FIGS. 5A-5B (i.e., the retractable sheath having fluid conduits) and the fluid circuit 900 of FIGS. 9A-9B. In such an ablation system, a mixture of shielding fluid and cooling fluid is supplied to the retractable sheath 500 when a user removes his/her finger from the button 804 at the completion of an ablation procedure. In yet another example, an ablation system may incorporate the temperature indicator 702 of FIGS. 7A and 7B and the fluid circuit 800 of FIGS. 8A-8C.

While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings and/or discussed herein, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto. 

1-17. (canceled)
 18. A fluid circuit for an ablation probe, the fluid circuit comprising: a first fluid supply conduit configured to transfer a first fluid from a source of first fluid to a radiating portion of an ablation probe; a second fluid supply conduit configured to transfer a second fluid from a source of second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe; and a manual control operatively coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the second fluid supply conduit, the manual control configured to control a supply of the first fluid and the second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe.
 19. The fluid circuit according to claim 18, further comprising a fluid return conduit configured to carry the first fluid, a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid, or the second fluid away from the radiating portion.
 20. The fluid circuit according to claim 18, wherein the second fluid is a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy.
 21. The fluid circuit according to claim 18, wherein the second fluid is selected from the group consisting of air and gas containing nitrogen.
 22. The fluid circuit according to claim 18, further comprising a common fluid conduit configured to receive the first fluid from the first fluid supply conduit and the second fluid from the second fluid supply conduit, the common fluid conduit configured to supply the first fluid and the second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe.
 23. The fluid circuit according to claim 18, wherein the first fluid supply conduit includes a first recessed portion and the second fluid supply conduit includes a second recessed portion, and wherein the fluid circuit further comprises: a fluid pump configured to fit within the second recessed portion and to move from a first position to a second position, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit when the fluid pump is at the second position; and an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller configured to fit within the first recessed portion and to move from a third position to a fourth position, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the first fluid supply conduit when the impeller is at the fourth position, wherein the manual control is operatively coupled to the impeller and the fluid pump and is configured to move the impeller and the fluid pump between (a) respective first and third positions and (b) respective second and fourth positions.
 24. The fluid circuit according to claim 23, further comprising: a fluid return conduit; a bypass fluid conduit coupled between the first fluid supply conduit and the fluid return conduit; a fluid pump disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit; an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller disposed within the bypass fluid conduit, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the bypass fluid conduit; and a bypass valve assembly coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the bypass fluid conduit, the bypass valve assembly configured to divert the first fluid flowing in the first fluid supply conduit to the bypass fluid conduit when the bypass valve assembly is actuated.
 25. The fluid circuit according to claim 24, wherein the second fluid is a liquid solution containing particles that absorb electromagnetic energy.
 26. The fluid circuit according to claim 24, wherein the second fluid is selected from the group consisting of air and a gas containing nitrogen.
 27. The fluid circuit according to claim 24, further comprising a check valve disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the check valve configured to prevent the first fluid from flowing into the second fluid supply conduit.
 28. The fluid circuit according to claim 24, further comprising a check valve disposed within the fluid return conduit, the check valve configured to prevent fluid from flowing distally.
 29. A fluid circuit comprising: a first fluid supply conduit that supplies a first fluid to a radiating portion of an ablation probe when the radiating portion is inserted in tissue; and a second fluid supply conduit that supplies a second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe when the radiating portion is removed from tissue to shield the radiating portion from a surrounding environment.
 30. The fluid circuit according to claim 29, further comprising a fluid return conduit configured to carry the first fluid, a mixture of the first fluid and the second fluid, or the second fluid away from the radiating portion.
 31. The fluid circuit according to claim 29, further comprising a manual control operatively coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the second fluid supply conduit, the manual control configured to control a supply of the first fluid and the second fluid to the radiating portion of the ablation probe.
 32. The fluid circuit according to claim 31, wherein the first fluid supply conduit includes a first recessed portion and the second fluid supply conduit includes a second recessed portion, wherein the fluid circuit further comprises: a fluid pump configured to fit within the second recessed portion and to move from a first position to a second position, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit when the fluid pump is moved to the second position; and an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller configured to fit within the first recessed portion and to move from a third position to a fourth position, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the first fluid supply conduit when the impeller is moved to the fourth position, and wherein the manual control is operatively coupled to the impeller and the fluid pump and is configured to move the impeller and the fluid pump between (a) respective first and third positions and (b) respective second and fourth positions.
 33. The fluid circuit according to claim 32, further comprising: a fluid return conduit; a bypass fluid conduit fluidly coupled between the first fluid supply conduit and the fluid return conduit; a fluid pump disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the fluid pump configured to pump the second fluid through the second fluid supply conduit; an impeller operatively coupled to the fluid pump and configured to drive the fluid pump, the impeller disposed within the bypass fluid conduit, the impeller configured to be driven by the first fluid flowing through the bypass fluid conduit; and a bypass valve assembly fluidly coupled to the first fluid supply conduit and the bypass fluid conduit, the bypass valve assembly configured to divert the first fluid flowing in the first fluid supply conduit to the bypass fluid conduit when actuated.
 34. The fluid circuit according to claim 33, further comprising a check valve disposed within the second fluid supply conduit, the check valve configured to prevent the first fluid from flowing into the second fluid supply conduit.
 35. The fluid circuit according to claim 33, further comprising a check valve disposed within the fluid return conduit, the check valve configured to prevent fluid from flowing distally.
 36. The fluid circuit according to claim 29, wherein the first fluid facilitates transmission of energy from the radiating portion.
 37. The fluid circuit according to claim 29, wherein the second fluid prevents transmission of energy from the radiating portion. 